Timeline of African History

Americas	Europe	Africa	Africa	Asia	Asia
13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245 -66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age	13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245 -66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age	13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245 -66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age 60 million years ago Africa formed from tectonic movement out of Gondwanaland 7-5 million years ago Homonines (hominidae--modern humans are the only surviver and members) line diverge from gorillas and chimpanzees	13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245 -66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age 25 million years ago Hominoids developed in Africa 6 million Orrorin tugenensis Kapsomin, Kenya 4.2 to 3.9 million Australopithecus anamensis 2.3 to 1.6 million Homo habilis ,Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 1.8 to 0.3 million Homo erectus	13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245 -66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age	13.7 billion years ago universe formed 4.54 billion years ago earth formed 245-66 million years ago Dinosaur Age or Mesozoic Age
	700,000-170,000 Denisovian evolve 250,000-Neanderthals evolve	200,000-100,000 BP Homo sapiens 200,000-100,000 BP Hominims began to develop modern human anatomical parts 160,000 Bouri and Omo Kibish (Ethiopia) are the earliest site of Early Modern humans (EMH)	100,000-50,000 BP Development in vocal anatomy, that can replicate human speech	700,000-170,000 Denisovian evolve in Melanasia	700,000-170,000 Denisovian evolve in Melanasia
		90,000 to 60,000 BP , Humans develop intellect and social ability
	40,000 BP modern humans enter Europe 40,000 Denisovians extinct 35,000 neanderthals extinct	16,000 Khoisan linguistic family	60,000 to 50,000 BP(Before Present) Modern humans leave Africa to populate the world	40,000 BP modern human in northern Eurasia 40,000 Denisovians extinct 35,000 Neandertnhals extinct	40,000 BP modern human in northern Eurasia 40,000 Denisovians extinct 35,000 neanderthals extinct
15,000 BP Humans in America 10,000 bp cassava domesticated in Brazil		12,700-10,900 BCE expansion of the three major linguistic group--Afroasiatic, Niger-Congo , and Nilo-Saharan -Sahara is wet, green, and occupied by lakes		10,000 wheat domesticated 10,000 sugarcane domesticated in New Guinea
8000 potato domesticated in Peru		c 8000 Yam domestication in West Africa and Sorghum domesticated in the Sahel region 7000 Kerman settlement founded c 6700-5500 teff and finger millet domesticated by Cushitic speakers in Ethiopian highland	7000 and 6500 Nabta Playa stone structures 5000 Sahara begins drying up, movement to the Nile 5000 Cotton domesticated in Middle Nile Basin in eastern Sahel 4600-4000 Donkey domesticated, oldest domesticated remains at the site of El-Omari, in Upper Egypt near Cairo	6000 Proto-Indo European in Anatolia or 4,000 BC in Pontic-Caspian steppe 4800 horse domesticàted	c. 6000 oldest known cotton fiber, Mehrgarh, Pakistan
4000-3001 BCE
4000 corn domesticated		4000-3000 BCE black eyed peas, gourd, and voandzeia(Bambara groundnuts) domesticated 3800 A-Group 3500 Sacral polities populate the Nile	4000-3100 Pre-dynastic Period (Naqada) 4000-3500 Naqada I 3500-3200 Naqada II	4000 Uruk founded 3500 cuneiform
		3400 Ta-Seti, 1st Nubian State, centered@Qustul 3400-3200 Ta-Seti most powerful Kingdom of the Nile, controls Upper Egypt	3200-3000 Naqada III

		3125-3100 Aha destroys Ta-Seti	3150 Menes unites Egypt 3150 earliest Hieroglyphs 3100 First Dynasty of Egypt
3000-2001 BCE
2750 Aspero site	3000-2200 Early Minoan Civilization on Crete In Mediterranean Europe	3000 Sacral kingdoms dot the Nubian Nile, Sai and Kerma prominent Kingdoms 3000 Early Kerma Period, 3000 C Group Culture 3000 start of the Bantu Expansion 3000 Guinea fowl domesticated --N meleagris galatea	2800 papyrus invented 2700 Old Kingdom	2800 Sumerian Dynastic period ca 2600 camel domesticated in Iran
		2600 Snefru invades Nubia,	2589-2566 Great Pyramid of Giza
				2370 Akkadian Empire (Afroasiatic-semitic)	2500 Indus Harappan Civilization founded
	2200-1500 Middle Minoan 1600 Minoan Civilization at peak	2055 Egypt controls Lower Nubia 2055-1650 Middle Kerma Period 2055-Kerma controls Upper Nubia, Upper Nubia called Kush for first time, not Yam,-Kerma viewed as threat by Egypt	2200 1st Intermediate Period 2025 Amunemhet I- 2025 Middle Kingdom 2055 Egypt builds giant forts in 2nd and 3rd cataract	2125 Sumerian Ur dominates 2100 Ziggurat of Ur built	2205-1766 Hsia Dynasty of China
2000-1001 BCE
	2000-1700 Greek speaking tribes enter Greece	c. 1900 Tichitt Civilization stone towns founded 1700-1550 Classic Kerma 1800 Bantu Expansion reaches Gabon 1700-1601 building of the Deffufa 1650 Kerma gains control of Lower Nubia, rules Upper/Lower Nubia	1900 Wadi el-Hol Inscriptions developed from hieroglyphs 1782-1574 Second Intermediate Period 1700 Hyksos invasion and rule of Delta, Lower Egypt-Horse, chariot , bronze		1766-1050 Shang Dynasty 1766-Chinese writing 1800 Aryan invades NW India
	1800-1400 Stonehenge built 1600-1200 Mycenaean Civilization in the Mediterranean 1500-1000 Late Minoan 1500 BC-1401 BC Linear A Script 1400 Mycenaean Civilization becomes dominant in Aegean 1400 BC-1301 BC Linear B Script	1600-1570 Kerma invades/sacks Egypt 1520-1530 Thutmose I destroys Kingdom of Kerma, Kerma becomes colony of Egypt, beginning Egyptianization of Nubia 1500-1100? Late Kerma	1600 Bantu Expansion reaches Congo Forest 1570-1070 BCE New Kingdom , Egypt expands territory--Nubia, Levant 1567-1085 reign of King Tut 1479 Hatshepsut assume throne for thutmosis III 1350 Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) assumes throne, monotheism in Egypt	1600 Proto-Sinaitic developed 1500 Hittite Empire, iron working discovered 1400-605 Assyrian Empire (Afroasiatic-semitic)
1500-200 Olmec Civilization
	c 1200 sack of Troy--Trojan war ,Legendary Ethiopian King Memnon is reported to have sent black soldiers to fight against the Greeks 1100-750 Greek Dark Age		1070-525 Third Intermediate 1070-715 Libyan Dynasty 950 Sheshonq I, a Libyan, 22nd dynasty	1200 Phoenician ascendancy (Afroasiatic-semitic) 1025 Hebrew Kingdom (Afroasiatic-semitic)	1050-256 Chou Dynasty
1000-1 BCE
900 Olmec writing 800-200 Chavin de Huantar civilization	800 Greek Alphabet 800 Etruscan Civilization in the Mediterranean 753 Rome founded 750-500 Greek City States 700-600 Roman Alphabet	1000 African Rice -- oryza glaberrima --domesticated in Niger River bend 800 Carthage founded by Queen Dido in present day Tunisia 790 Nok Culture	760 Kashta receives mandate from the Priestess of Amun to conquer Egypt 747-716 Piye conquers upper Egypt 716-702 Shabaqo conquers all of Egypt, 25th Dynasty 700-500 Kingdom of Damot founded 700-400 Pre-Aksumite 300-201 Rise of Aksum as most important Ethiopian state, demise of Damot 700-500 Ge'ez Abugida Script	883-859 Neo-Assyrian Empire (Afroasiatic-semitic) 700 Assyrians begin using iron technology
500 Mayan writing	500-338 Classical Greek	600s Punic Script differentiates from Phoenician Script 520 Himilco sails North African Atlantic coast 520-470 Hanno of Carthage sails west African coast, possibly reached Cameroon 500–400 Formation of Berber Kingdoms: Mauritania in the west, Massaessyles in the center, and Massyles in the east. 500 Nok iron making established 500-401 Carthage dominant power in western Mediterranean 400-200 Tichit Walata abandoned	663 Assyrians conquer Egypt 600 Pharaoh Necho II authorizes Phoenicians to sail Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa 525 Persia invades Egypt, first camels in Egypt 500 Capital of Kush becomes Meroe(Kingdom of Meroe),Meroe becomes center of iron making 400-50 Proto-Aksumite	600 Zoroaster is born 583 Budha is born 550-335 Persian Achaemenid Period (Persian Empire)
	334 Alexander the Great embarks on his great conquest	300s Tifinagh Abjad Script 250 Thriving market town of Jenne	332 Alexander conquers Egypt, Ptolemy rule Egypt, Alexandria becomes capital of Egypt		321-185 Mauryan Empire (India)
300-800 Teotihuacan civilization		264-146 Punic Wars 237 Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal) begins conquest of Iberia for Carthage 220 Iberia becomes part of the Carthaginian Empire 218 Hannibal crosses the Alps amassing numerous victories against Rome 146 Carthage defeated in Punic Wars, becomes Roman province of Africa 100 Camels being used increasingly in trans-Saharan trade	200 Meroitic Abugida Script, Nubians cease using Hieroglyphic Script 50-150 Early Aksumite 31 Rome captures Egypt in Battle of Actium, Egypt Roman province 24 bc Kushite military lead by Kandake Amanirenas defeats Roman military at Aswan, Philae, and Elephantine initiating stalemate war with Rome to 21 bc 21 bc Kandake Amanirenas makes treaty with Roman Emperor Augustus, favorable to Kushite Meroitic Kingdom in trade and political concession	221-642 Sasaniad Period of Persia c. 6 BCE-30 CE Jesus Christ is born	256 Ch'in Dynasty Great Wall started 221-206 compass invented in China 206-8 Han Dynasty- According to Chinese scholars, Han Dynasty in contact with Kush and Axum 150 Kushan Kingdom
1 CE-1000 CE
100-800 Mayan civilization 200-800 Moche and Nazca culture	96-180 Pax Romana aqueducts, roads built 193-211 Septimius Severus-Berber Roman emperor 217-218 Marcus Opellius Macrinus, Berber Roman Emperor 324-337 Reign of Emperor Constantine (Unified Rome) 312 Constantine of Rome converts to Christianity 392 Christianity official Roman Religion 450 Germanic tribes Jutes, Angles, Saxons invade England, beginning of the English 476 Rome falls	1-200 Banana, coconut, taro (cocoyam) from Asia introduced into Africa by Malay 1-100 Bantu Expansion reaches Indian Ocean 1-100 Rhapta earliest trade port in Tanzania 101-200 Malays/Bantu speaking slaves inhabiting Madagascar 200 End of Nok Culture 300 Kingdom of Ghana 350-550 Ballana dominates Lower Nubia , Nubia divided into three Kingdom--Makouria, Nobatia, and Alodia 429 Invasion of Africa by the Vandals 596 The fall of the Vandals	100 Christianity enters the Maghreb 101-150 Christianity in Egypt 101-200 King Gadarat conquers Yemen 200-400 Axum builds Stelaes 200-101 Coptic Alphabet in use 312 Donatist schism begins 333 Christianity(monophysite) state religion of Axum, cross symbol of state 350 Ezana sacks Kingdom of Meroe 201-300 Axum starts minting coins 518 Axumite invades Himyar 525 Axumites invade Himyar and remains 570 Axumites removed from southern Arabia by Sasaniad Persian Empire 550-1400 Nubia becomes Christian, Nubian Christian Period	300s Arabic Script in use (Afroasiatic-semitic)	25-220 2nd Han Dynasty 105 Ts´ai Lun invents paper 200 Kushan Kingdom ends 320 Gupta Kingdom 500 Hindus invent number system in India 500 sugar is crystallized in India
	527-565 Justinian Emperor 600-1500 Middle Age	601-700 Songhay State founded@Gao with capital@Kukya 640 Egypt under Islamic control 651-652 the Baqt Treaty between muslim Egypt and Christian Nubia	600-630 Last Aksumite minted coin 615 Muslims given refuge in Aksum, possibly by Armah or father Ellah Tsaham, First Hijra 640 beginning decline of trade and Axum, as Islam spread, muslim cease using Red Sea, detours to Persian Gulf	570-632 Muhammad is born 600-1200 Islamic Golden Age of Science 661-750 Ummayyad rule muslim world @Damascus	581-618 Sui Dynasty 618-907 Tang Dynasty 604 Japanese State formed
	733/734 Charles Martel thwart muslim expansion in Europe @Battle of Tours	700 Nobatia becomes part of Makouria 701-800 Old Nubian Alphabet created in Nobatia, based on Coptic Alphabet 701 North Africa(Ifriqiya) under Islamic control	717 Iberia conquered by muslims	750-1258 Abbasid rule muslim world @Baghdad
800-1400 Chimu Empire	800 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor 800s First record of written Dutch(Old Franconian), Laws of the Salic Franks, Psalms 800s First record of written Portuguese 842 AD First record of written French Strasbourg Oaths 1000 First record of written Spanish Glosas Emilianenses 1000-1300 High Middle Ages	800 Islam enters West Africa 800 Ife founded, center of Yoruba culture 800 Kanem-Bornu founded 800 Ghana is recorded by al Farazzi 800 Swahilis start building towns (mji)-Kilwa c. 800, Pate c. 900, Mombasa c. 1000 ,	800-1400 Building of Benin Walls 900 Igbo-Ukwu brass making 969-1171 Fatimid Caliphate 999 Sarki (king) Bogoda becomes first king of Kano	*869 Zanj Rebellion* *869 Zanj Rebellion spread to west Iran, town of Ahwaz captured* 1095-1099 First Crusade	800s chinese gunpowder 960-1279 Song Dynasty 900s increased African trade with China, Chinese artifact dot African east coast, slaves, rhinoceros horns, exported
1001-2000 CE
1400 Aztec Kingdom 1400 Inca *1492 Afro-Spanish ,Pedro Alonzo Nino-navigator of Santa Maria* Columbus's ship**	1054 split of Roman church and Byzantium church 1066 Norman conquest of England 1150s Geomancy introduce to Spain by Hugo of Santalla from Arabs,based on African sand divination 1215 Magna Carta 1237 Mongols invade Russia 1300-1500 Later Middle Ages 1347-1350 Black Death 1350-1550 Renaissance 1337-1453 Hundred Years War came to an end 1429-1430 Joan of Arc 1450-1600 750,000 Africans shipped out of Africa, mainly Portuguese	1000s Earliest West African Arabic Script ajami from tomb inscription in Gao 1000s Swahili Script(Kiarabu) in use from tomb inscription and coins-Arabic Script in use in African east coast 1000 Mapungubwe founded 1010 Songhay converts to Islam, under early rule Dia Kossoi 1050 Banu Hilal Arabs invade the Maghrib 1061-1147 Almoravid Empire(Morocco & Spain) 1076 Almoravids attack Ghana, takes capital Kumbi Saleh 1087 Ghana Empire falls 1150s Geomancy introduce to Spain by Hugo of Santalla from Arabs,based on African sand divination 1100 Timbucktu founded 1230 Sundiata defeated Sumanguru at the Battle of Karina, Mali Empire 1300 founding of Wolof State 1301-1400 Luba Kingdom was founded by the Nkongolo Dynasty 1310 Mansa Abubakari II embarks on voyage to new world 1324 Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca 1375 Songhay state breaks from Mali 1450 Mulopwe Chibunda Ilunga founded a new Lunda Dynasty 1400s Bito Luo Clan claims Kitara Empire succesion, founding the Bunyoro Kingdom 1464 Sunni Ali founded Songhay Empire 1493 Askia the Great assumes the throne of Songhay 1401-1500 Maravi Kingdom founded, with the Phiri Clan marrying into the Banda Clan of the Nyanja 1425 Mutota, Shona king founded Mutapa Empire	1000 Formation of Yoruba cities and towns in present day Nigeria 1150-1270 Zagwe Dynasty in Abyssinia 1147-1289 Almohad Empire(Maghreb & Spain) 1169 Saladin made commander of Egyptian army 1171-1250 Ayyubid Empire in Egypt 1250-1517 Mamluk Empire in Egypt 1200 Ancestors of the Akan begin to move to present day Ghana 1204 Christian Nubia joins with Christian Crusaders from Europe to fight muslims@Constantinople , Fourth Crusade 1232 Muslims diminished in Spain only muslim Granada remains till 1492 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut, Mamluk stops Mongol expansion into Africa 1268 Nubian Christian King Dawud II forced to pay muslim baqt tribute 1270-1550 Solomonid Dynasty in Abyssinia 1276 Nubian Christian Kingdom sacked by Mamluk Egypt 1300 Yorubas produce terracotta, brass heads including Ife heads 1317 first muslim mosque in Christian Nubia 1331 baqt tribute re-instated by Mamluk Egypt on Nubia, Christianity on the decline in Nubia 1395 Kongo Kingdom founded, most powerful in west central Africa 1400 Bono-Manso founded by Asaman, becomes the first Akan empire 1400 Prince Oranimiyan assume Benin throne 1400 Nupe State founded 1450 Oba Ewuare assume the Benin throne , engage in massive expansion of Empire	1204 Fourth Crusade, Constantinople captured 1270 Seventh Crusade and last 1200s Silk Road	1021-1086 Wang Anshi 1100s African slaves being imported in the ports of southern India--the Deccan etc. 1127-1279 Southern Song Dynasty 1206 Ghengis Khan comes to power 1221 Invasion of northern India by Mongols 1236-1240 Jamal al-Din Yaqut, a royal courtier in the kingdom of Delhi, favorite of Queen Radiyya 1279 Mongols conquer China, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty 1369-1644 Ming Dynasty 1415 Admiral Zhen He visits the Sultan of Kilwa, increase chinese trade with East African coast under Ming Dynasty 1486-1493 Habshi slave soldiers took over Bengal kingdom, lead by Barbak Shah, rules the Bengal kingdom to 1493
1521 1st slave revolt in New World in Hispaniola, initiated by Wolof slaves and slaves from Senegambian coast- 1532 first slaves ships in Brazil 1619 First African American slaves in Jamestown, Virginia (British America)	1519 Magellan´s expedition around the world--completed in 1522--18 survivors from 260, one ship from five 1520 Martin Luther's ideas take off, Protestant Reformation 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, French ascendancy in Europe and Spanish decline 1601-1700 2.5 mil Africans shipped across the Atlantic 1687 Newton´s Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica	1500s maize(corn) and cassava introduced in Africa by Portuguese 1500s Wadai Kingdom founded 1501-1600 Bunyoro Kingdom most powerful in Great Lakes 1519 Tarik al-Fattash by Mahmud Kati is composed 1550 Mali Empire greatly diminished, now just a state 1550 Rise of Oyo Empire 1550 European sea merchants establish trading partnership with African coastal states 1559 Tengeli Koli and Mandinka-Fulani soldiers took over Takrur 1591 Kingdom of Morocco invades Songhay Empire 1625 Dahomey founded 1630 Dahomey becomes vassal of Oyo 1600-1650 Kalonga Masula engaged in expansion of the Maravi Confederacy 1650 Massassi Dynasty and Kaarta Kingdom founded by Massa	1517 Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt 1571 Mais Idris Alooma embarked on expansion and innovation in Kanem Bornu 1568 The Jaga attack Kongo Kingdom 1596 Suleiman Solong founded the Keira Dynasty, unifying all rival tribes, converts Darfur to Islam 1600 Mwami Ruganzu Ndori founded Kingdom of Rwanda 1600-1700 Lozi Kingdom founded 1600 Funj convert to Islam, began living in towns, and established the Funj Sultanate 1636 Kabaka Katerega beginning expansion of the Buganda Kingdom 1657 Ntari Rushatsi founded Burundi Kingdom 1695 Osei Tutu takes throne of Asante and with priest Okomfo Anokye, engaged in massive expansion of Asante Empire 1628 Mavura, a Portuguese puppet rules Mutapa 1684-1696 Changamire Dombo expelled the Portuguese from Mutapa and Manyika	1517 black eunuchs being shipped to Crimean Khanate 1595 black eunuch is administrator for Medina/Mecca mosque under Ottoman control *1617 Mustafa Agha thwarts Osman's right to the Ottoman throne* *1648 Süleyma Agha secures Mehmed IV to the Ottoman throne*	1526-1857 Mughal Empire founded by Babur *1546 Blacks arrive in Japan with Portuguese captain Jorge Alvarez for first time, might be older via China* 1600 Malik Ambar comes to power in the Deccan--Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1603-1867 Tokugawa Shogunate 1620-1825 Siddis rule Kingdom of Janjira
*1791 Haitian Revolution initiated by slaves from the Congo/Angola region* 1794 Cotton Gin invented	1700s the Enlightenment 1701-1800 6.5 mil Africans shipped across, mainly English ships *1704 Abram Hannibal sold to czar Peter the Great* 1760 the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain 1769 steam engine invented 1789 the French Revolution	1701 Battle of Feyiase, Denkyirahene Ntim Gyakari was defeated by the Asante Kingdom, beginning Asante dominance 1750 Awura Poku and followers leave the Asante Empire founding the Baoule in Ivory Coast, after dynastic dispute 1725 Futa Jalon founded by mujaddadin, "revivers of Islam"	1712 Mamari Kulibali revives Segu Empire by overcoming Bambara opposition	1779-1924 Shah Qajar founded Qajar Dynasty of Persia	1700s Siddis rule Kingdom of Sachin
1804 Dessaline declares Haiti an independent black Republic, the 2nd republic after the USA 1861 Gatlin Gun invented-US *1865 13th Amendment ends slavery in all USA territory* 1883 Maxim Gun invented -USA 1888 Golden Law ends slavery in Brazil	1801 Achard opens first sugar beet refinery in Prussia 1802 Napoleon absolute ruler of France 1833 British Emancipation Act, ends slavery 1837-1901 Reign of Queen Victoria in Britain 1848 Slavery abolished, finally, in all French territories *1859 Charles Darwin publishes the Origins of Species* 1863 Netherlands bans slavery in all her territories 1870s Social Darwinism spreads throughout Europe, North America, and Latin America 1870 Moret Law ends slavery in Spain & colony(Cuba, PR) *1877 Portugal ends slavery* 1878 Germany becomes the largest producer of sugar in the world 1884 Berlin Conference, Scramble for Africa 1884 eugenics ideology formed	1808 Hausaland conquered by Usman Dan Fodio, Sokoto Caliphate 1806 Battle of Abora Asante defeats Fante military 1814 British at Anomabu recognize Asante sovereignty after fort seizure 1820 Asante reigns supreme in Gold Coast 1834 Ndebele enters Zimbabwe plateau, escaping defiqane and Zulu wars 1850s the Lozi Kingdom was invaded by the Kololo, who took over the kingdom 1852 Al Hajj Umar begins Jihad, in formation of the Tukulor Empire 1864 the Lozi aristocracy overthrows the Kololo and regained power 1864 Umar Tal or Al Hajj Umar of Tukulor Empire dies in battle 1884 Berlin Conference, Scramble for Africa 1897 Benin defeated by British	1805-06 Mungo Park explores and documents Niger River 1818 Shaka became head of the Mthethwa Empire, begining of the Zulu Empire 1823-25 Denham and Clapperton explores and documents Bornu and Hausaland 1827-28 Rene Caillie documents Rio Nunez to Timbuktu to Tangiers 1828 Shaka assassinated by Dingane 1830-1840s Great Trek of Boers 1830 French occupy Algiers 1830 Lander brothers explores and documents the Lower Niger 1832 Rise of Ab Al-Kadir against the French in Algeria 1835 Darfur conquers Wadai 1847-49 Krapf and Rebmann documents Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya 1860-1872 Karl Mauch document the Zimbabwe plateau 1862-1869 Gerhard Rohlfs documents the North African Sahara 1867 Muhammad Ali establish Egypt as independent province in the Ottoman Empire and himself hereditary ruler with title of Khedive 1869 Suez Canal completed 1870-1874 Gustav Nachtigal documented the Sudan between Lake Chad and the Nile 1879 the Battle of Isandlwana, British forces were defeated by the Zulu Empire 1881 Tunisia protectorate of France 1896 Ethiopia defeats Italy@the Battle of Adawa	*1828 Treaty of Turkmanchai makes Iran dependent on african slaves* *1889* Turkey abolishes slavery	1831 beginning recruitment of the Belanda HItam by Dutch East India Company 1839 Opium War begins 1842 Treaty of Nanking British takes Hong Kong 1858 British Empire takes complete control of India 1868 Meiji Restoration
1945 Manhattan Project, Trinity first atomic bomb-US 1969 Neil Armstrong sets foot on the moon	1905 Einstein publishes the Theory of Special Relativity- Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper bei den Annalen ein and Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? 1917-1991 Soviet Republic 1922 Stalin comes to power 1914-1918 World War I 1939-1945 World War II 1961 first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok I	1900 Asante defeated by British 1903 Sokoto defeated by British 1955 Bandung Conference, conference of African and Asian countries		*1920 Slavery ended in Iraq* *1928 Slavery abolished in Iran* 1955 Bandung Conference, conference of African and Asian countries	1949 Mao Zedong comes to power 1955 Bandung Conference, conference of African and Asian countries